Accounting Dissertations

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3168 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) are reviewing their guidelines on lease accounting this year. This paper provides background information on the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), FASB and IASB including what their role is in accounting. It details the history of lease accounting for them, changes that have occurred since the original guidelines were issued, and why the FASB and IASB are looking to update the current standards. History and Future of Lease Accounting for Leases The history of lease accounting provides numerous changes to the standards. FASB 13 is the last major change that has been made and that was 30 years ago. The financial community describes the changes that could arise from the FASB and IASB as an effort to bring transparency to company balance sheets. This is a continuing reaction to Enron and certain happenings earlier in the decade that brought off-balance sheet items to the forefront. There is a lot of focus on off-balance sheet obligations now. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Accounting Dissertations | Financial Accounting Standards Dissertation" essay for you Create order Users of financial statements depend on the statements to provide important information about a companys performance, financial condition, and the cash flow. Financial statement users include bankers deciding whether to lend money or renew a loan to a company, suppliers deciding to extend you credit. The FASB and IASBs conceptual framework objective is to provide a common framework that provides useful and complete accounting information (Monson, 2001). Standard Setting Bodies Security and Exchange Commission The Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established in 1933 after the Crash of 1930. Prior to this time there, no standard setting body existed. Even after its formation, the SEC encouraged the private sector to set them. In 1934, the SEC received the authority to establish financial accounting and reporting for publicly held companies. Committee on Accounting Procedures In 1939, the SEC suggested that the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) create a formal standard setting body. The AICPA established the Committee on Accounting Procedures (CAP). During its reign from 1939 to 1959, they issued 51 Accounting Research Bulletins. CAP was not as successful as had been hoped. CAP only issued standards on problems as they occurred. These standards are known as Accounting Research Bulletins or ARBs. Accounting Principles Board The Committee on Accounting Procedures was replaced with the Accounting Principles Board (APB) in 1959. They issued 31 opinions and 4 statements over the next 14 years. They are credited with the development of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) from the opinions and statements they issued. Financial Accounting Standards Board The APB was replaced by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), which was formed in 1973. FASB is an independent board with full-time members who no longer work in private firms or their employers. FASB establishes standards for businesses in the private sector. As part of the FASB mission statement it states that, standards are essential to the efficient functioning of the economy because investors, creditors, auditors, and others rely on credible, transparent, and comparable information (Financial, 2007.). In Facts about FASB (2007), the FASB seeks to accomplish their mission by acting to keep standards current to reflect any changes in methods of doing business, to improve the usefulness of financial reporting by focusing on relevance, reliability, comparability, and consistency, and to promote the international convergence of accounting standards. International Accounting Standards Board The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) established in 2001 is based in London. It succeeded the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), which was founded in 1973. The IASB develops a solitary set of global accounting standards that provide transparent and comparable information in financial statements. The IASB works with national accounting standards bodies to accomplish a united set of accounting standards to be used around the world. Original Standards for Leases ARB 43, Chapter 14 In 1949, the Committee on Accounting Procedures issued ARB 43, Restatement and Revision of Accounting Research Bulletins, Chapter 14 Disclosure of Long-Term Leases in Financial Statements of Lessees. ARB 43, Chapter 14 only provides guidance for leasing land and buildings. ARB 43 (1953) requires that the lessee assumes all the expenses and obligations of ownership, such as taxes, insurance, and repairs. These types of arrangements differed from conventional long-term leases but the principles of disclosure were intended to be applied to both types of arrangements. The disclosures that need to be reported included the amount of annual rent to be paid, the period for which the payments are payable. The disclosure is to be reported for the life of the lease not just the first year. In the first year of the lease, the disclosure needs to detail the transaction (FASB, 1953). APB Opinion No. 5 The Accounting Principles Board issued Opinion No. 5, Reporting of Leases in Financial Statements of Lessees in September 1964 and supercedes ARB 43, Chapter 14. Since ARB 43 had been issued, leases had been disclosed on financial statements but not in a consistent manner. The information disclosed was often not enough for investors to get a clear picture of a companys financial position. According to APB Opinion No. 5 (1967), there had been very few instances of capitalization of leased property and recognition of the related obligation. In Accounting Principles Boards Opinion No. 5, rental (lease) payments for services, property taxes, utilities, maintenance, etc. are to be treated as an expense. Having the right to use property and paying a specific rental amount over a period are not considered an asset or liability. An operating lease should disclose relevant information about the lease or rental agreement and the information disclosed will vary from one situation to another. Lessees were to disclose the minimum annual payments and length of time at the least. The maximum they should disclose was the type of property leased, the obligation assumed, requirements of the lease. APB No. 5 (1967) states a capitalized lease may require a note or schedule to disclose the details of the lease agreement. Lease arrangements that are similar to an installment purchase should be listed on the balance sheet and depreciated accordingly. For a lease agreement to be capitalized there should be material equity in the purchase. IAS 17 The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued IAS 17, Accounting for Leases, in September 1982. A lease is classified either as a finance lease or an operating lease. A finance lease is classified as such if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards (International, 2003) to the lessee. Leases are classified as an operating lease if they do not meet the criteria of a finance lease. The following situations would lead a lease to be classified as a finance lease: Transfer of ownership of the asset to the lessee at the end of the lease The lessee has the option to purchase the asset at an amount that is sufficiently lower than the fair value The lease term is for most of the assets life At the beginning of the lease, the present value of the minimum lease payments is equal to the fair value of the asset. (International, 2003) IAS 17 (2003) requires that the following accounting principles be applied to finance leases. The finance lease should be recorded as an asset and a liability, lease payments should be distributed between finance charges or interest expense and the principle amount of the liability, and depreciation should be calculated using the same method as that of the companies owned assets. The International Accounting Standards Board (2003) defines the disclosure requirements lessees of finance leases must follow. Lessees of finance leases disclose the carrying amount of the asset, reconciliation between total minimum lease payments and the present value, amounts of minimum lease payments as of the balance sheet date, and the present value for the next years, years 2 through 5 combined, and beyond 5 years and a general description of the lease arrangement. In section 35 of IAS 17, the International Accounting Standards Board (2003) provides disclosure details for lessees of operating leases. Lessees must recognize lease payments as an expense on the income statement. They should provide in the financial statement disclosure a description of the lease arrangement, including any provisions, whether there is a purchase option, and any restrictions that are imposed. Also, lease payments as of the financial statement date for the next year, years 2 through 5 combined, and beyond 5 years. Changes to Original Standards APB Opinion No. 31 The Accounting Principles Board issued Opinion No. 31, Disclosure of Lease Commitments by Lessees, on June 1972 with an effective date of January 1, 1974. Opinion No. 31 was developed because investors, grantors, and users of financial statements acknowledged that at the time the disclosures did not provide all the information they deemed important. The APB issued it to clarify and now require the disclosure requirements of APB Opinion No. 5. The Board did not want to establish any disclosure requirements because the FASB had placed leases as a subject on its agenda at the time this was issued. The Board was hesitant because they did not want to bias the decision. The Board reworded its requirements for the disclosures of operating leases. A lease that is for one year or more needs to provide the total rental expense. The minimum rental payments should be disclosed for each of the five succeeding years, each of the next three to five year periods, and the remainder should be listed as a single amount. Additional disclosures that should be included are whether the payments are dependent upon any factors other than time, if so what is the basis for calculating the payments, is there a purchase or renewal option, and any restrictions. (FASB, 1973) FAS 13 In November 1976, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued FAS 13, Accounting for Leases. The issuance was to provide detailed criteria that other statements had supplied for classifying leases that would prevent many different interpretations. This statement superseded APB Opinion No. 5, Reporting of Leases in Financial Statements of Lessees and APB Opinion No. 7, Reporting of Leases in Financial Statements for Lessors. FAS 13 established standards of financial reporting for both lessees and lessors. The standard provided a definition of leases, how leases should be classified, and what needed to be disclosed. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (1976) defined a lease as an agreement conveying the right to use property, plant, or equipment usually for a stated period of time. This definition includes agreements that although may not be identified as a lease but falls under the definition. FAS 13 (1976) states that a lease is classified either as an operating lease or as a capital lease. Capital leases meet one or more of the criteria FASB established for a capital lease. The criteria for classifying leases as a capital lease are: The lease transfers ownership of the asset at the end of the lease term. The lease contains a bargain purchase option The lease is longer than 75% of the products economic life The present value of the lease is more than 90% of the asset value using the lessees incremental borrowing rate. (FASB, 1976) FAS 13 provided the following accounting principles that are applied when it is determined that a lessee is involved in a capital lease. The lessee records a capital lease as an asset and liability for the amount equal to the value of the lease payments. If the lease has a bargain purchase option or if the property transfers ownership at the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated according to the lessees normal depreciation for owned assets. If the lease does not contain a bargain purchase option or if the property does not transfer ownership at the end of the lease, the asset is depreciated for the life of the lease. Leases that do not meet the criteria of a capital lease are classified as an operational lease and are treated as an expense for the term of the lease on the income statement. (FASB, 1976) Capital leases should disclose the gross amount of the asset and the future minimum lease payments. Operating leases should disclose the future minimum rental payment required, a general description of the terms of the lease agreement to include how the rental payments are determined, terms of renewal or purchase option, any restrictions that may apply. FASB and IASB to Update Lease Standards In July 2006, the FASB and IASB announced that it had added a leasing project to its agenda to reconsider all aspects of lease accounting. One reason for the project is to harmonize lease accounting standards with the IASB. The IASB and FASB currently have substantial differences in their treatment of leases; particularly notable is that the bright line tests of FAS 13 (whether the lease term is 75% or more of the economic life, and whether the present value of the rents is 90% or more of the fair value) are not used by the IASB, which prefers a facts and circumstances approach that entails more judgment calls (Open, 2006). Both the FASB and IASB have the finance and operating lease concept. However, their criteria are different for classification. Another reason is a request from investors and other authoritative bodies who have been criticizing that similar lease transactions were still being accounted for in different ways. In the SECs 2005 report in response to Sarbanes-Oxley the SEC stated that too many leases were being kept off the balance sheet. The commissions staff estimated that the standards allow publicly traded companies to keep an undiscounted $1.25 trillion in future cash obligations off their balance sheet (Leone, 2006). Therefore, the current accounting standards are failing to provide the necessary complete and transparent information. FASB and IASB hope to have an exposure draft available in 2009. Solutions There are two solutions to the lease problem. The FASB and IASB can either recommend leases to be reporting on a companys income statement only as an expense or on a companys balance sheet only as an asset and liability. Income Statement Only Using the income statement only solution, companies would report their leases as operating lease. An operating lease recognizes the lessees payments as rent expense or lease expense on the income statement. Balance Sheet Only Using the balance sheet only solution, companies report their leases on the balance sheet as an asset and liability. It will also allow for depreciation and interest expense on the income statement. Capitalization of all leases will bring previously unreported assets and liabilities onto the balance sheet Analysis When companies lease an asset, the way it is accounted for depends on whether it is categorized as an operating or capital lease. How a lease is categorized may be different for tax purposes then for accounting purposes. The GAAP standards and Internal Revenue Service can have different sets of criteria. According to IRS Revenue Ruling 55-540 the IRS is wary of lease arrangements used to accelerate depreciation deductions. The IRS has no general rule for leases and each case is decided on an individual basis. However, from decisions previous made the following factors indicate a sale instead of a lease. If the asset meets one or more of the factors, it is considered a sale NOT a lease. A portion of the payments are specifically allocated as interest or it is obvious that is what is intended. The title is transferred at the end of the rental term. The lessee may purchase the asset at the end of the lease term for a bargain purchase price. When a lease qualifies as an operating lease, there are major consequences for the net income or loss and the return ratios of that company. In general, both the operating and net income of the firm will be decreased and the assets and liabilities for the firm will be understated. Debt management ratios are important to creditors and stockholders. Creditors want to make sure funds are available to pay interest and principal and are therefore particularly interested in short-run coverage ratios. Stockholders are concerned about the impact of excessive debt and interest on long-term profitability. Lenders and investors use such ratios as debt to equity, current ratios, and return on assets to evaluate the credit risk of current or prospective businesses. Ratios are used to measure the effectiveness that a company uses its assets and to compare a companys current performance. As shown below in the comparison of ratios in an operating or capitalized lease, the financial ratios can be misleading just by reporting leases off the balance sheet. By reporting the lease of ABC Restaurant, Inc. (Figures 1-4) as an operating lease or ABC Restaurant, Inc. (Figures 5-8) as a capitalized lease, the companys financial statements are affected. The financial statements of both are identical except for the accounts that were affected by the relative lease. The financial statements are not as accurate as investors and lenders are demanding. The current ratio is a quick indication of whether or not the company will have the means to pay its bills during the next year. It is clear to remain solvent, a company must have at least as much money coming in as it has going out. The current ratio is .31 for the operating lease and .30 for the capitalized lease. A current ratio over 1.5 to 2.0 is generally required for comfort. The debt ratio for the operating lease is 1.68%. In comparison, the debt ratio for the capitalized lease is 1.64%. A high debt ratio is generally viewed as risky by lenders and investors. The debt to equity ratio equals -1.32 and their return on assets is 38.45%. In relation to the capitalized lease which had a debt to equity ratio of -1.40 and their return on assets is 34.05%. The effect of a capital lease on net income is different then that of an operating lease because capital leases are treated the same as if assets are bought by the company. The company is allowed to claim depreciation on the asset and the interest payments on the lease are a tax deductions. By reporting assets on the balance sheet, this provides an increased level of information to lenders. This is especially useful to lenders of non public business or the small (S Corporations) who elect to omit disclosures on the financial statements. When a company does this those who review their financial statements will be misled because there will be no evidence of a lease existing. The payments will be accounted for on the income statement as rent expense or lease expense. Thereby, reducing the net income of those companies income statements. The AICPA issues Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services. The FASB issues standards for the public. The process for both the AICPA and the FASB starts with deliberations that are open to the public; the proposed Statements are then issued as Exposure Drafts, which allows the public to comment on them prior to the final pronouncement issued. Many accountants issued their opinions on what they feel should be done about this 30-year-old standard. Conclusion Currently, the lease standards are outdated. Lease arrangements have evolved considerably over the past 30 years and the standards are outdated (Miller, 12). FAS 13 was suppose to force leases to be capitalized but it did nothing but help lease companies create more cunning operating leases. The misclassification of leases affects not only the balance sheet but also the income statement and cash flow statement.

Adhd Short For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Essay

ADHD, short for—attention deficit hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder in which the individual has real problems with attention control. The condition manifests several symptoms such as attention deficits, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity that is extreme for a normal individual of the same age. Many times the symptoms result in poor academic performance. On the reverse side, these individuals have the ability to â€Å"hyper-focus† on other things they find particularly interesting, thus causing them to excel in other areas of life. I believe this condition is widely misunderstood and underdiagnosed for that matter, especially in adults. Some people have a misconception that once a person with ADHD reaches adult hood that they grow out of the disorder, but this is simply not true. Many adults who have the condition have learned so well how to compensate their weaknesses that they are able to go through life for many years, or even their whole lives, without ever receiving treatment or help, leading them to suffer the negative side effects. ADHD awareness will help society to better deal with and accept these individuals, any help those who may not yet realize they are suffering from the condition, to receive life changing assistance. The disorder, if you would call it that, has long been studied by physicians over the centuries and recognized as containing actual symptoms. Although up until more modern times it hasn’t been seen as problematic. 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Tom Ang Free Essays

Tom Ang grew up playing the clarinet. His dream was to become the first clarinet for the London schools symphony orchestra. he never made his dream in the musical world so he turned to the world of Medicine. We will write a custom essay sample on Tom Ang or any similar topic only for you Order Now he stayed in the Nottingham medical school for 3 years before he decided that this wasn’t his passion either. he traveled to Hong Kong many years later and saw the beauty that he has never seen before. he then decided that this was his passion. to photograph the things people pass by everyday and to have a new world seen from right under our noses. He traveled to mexico to see not the poverty that is riddled throughout the land but to see the happiness that the families share even in the dark times. to show that it doesn’t matter how much money you have to care for your family but how much heart. In his trip to mexico he realized that people don’t want to always see the darker things in life that may seem interesting. he saw past the mirror that makes other people resilient and chooses to take pictures of the obvious things that others won’t see. Tom decided that these pictures are the ones that show true heart and are willing to break the boundaries of normal lifestyle and show the cultures of many other races and nations. he also visits New York in that same year and tries to show New York from the outside worlds perspective. this meaning the poverty that surrounds New York so that it seems similar to mexico and the other countries. he soon realizes that these people are not like the ones in his other photographs that these people are dangerous and are not fueled by heart and love but they are fueled by hate and greed. He tries to capture these pictures as best as he can but did not post many because he believed that they didn’t show the true feeling he felt when taking the photos and it doesn’t have the same effect if it doesn’t feel the same. At this point in time Tom started working with Fay Godwin as his assistant. he was asked if he knew how to print because that would be his basic job, and of course he responded yes. He claims that he was a total amateur and did not want to admit it because he needed the job. Yet for some reason she kept him on the team and trained him to become a better printer so he can print for her book and galleries. Tom traveled back to Hong Kong and took many more homescape photos while on his vacation there. Tom had upset a large nest of bees when photographing there. they attacked him very vigorously and sent him to the operating table. he says that his life could have ended right there. after his battle with the bees he traveled to japan in search of a dream boat that kept appearing every time that he would dream. he searched through all of japan taking pictures of boats so he could find it. but sadly this boat was never found. How to cite Tom Ang, Papers

The National Health Service Samples for †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the National Health Service in England. Answer: The National Health Service(NHS) is the oldest and the largest single payer health care system of the world, based in England. It is a publicly funded system for the citizen of England and is one among the four largest health care services in the United Kingdom. It provides healthcare facilities including dentistry, primary care, long term healthcare, in-patient care and ophthalmology to every legal resident of UK. The private health care system has continues parallel to the NHS since its emergence in 1948[1]. In this article about the excellencies of NHS over the private healthcare system. However, the things are no longer that easy in current days, as the differences between the private healthcare system and NHS are blurring with the passage of time but still there are minute key differences between them. It is very costly to have an intensive-care unit (ITU) in a healthcare system and as according to the recent data; around 90 percent of the total private hospitals in U.K have inadequate backup facilities for the intensive-care treatments. While in NHS specialist hospitals, they have excellent intensive care facilities and there is no need of routine procedures as well[2]. Although they are present in few specialist private hospitals in U.K but they often lack this. It is a known fact that if a patient becomes critically unwell in the private hospitals in England then they are likely to get transferred to the nearby NHS facility for their emergency care. In fact, if one requires a complex cardiac scan, the private hospitals may also refer him to the NHS for that test. So, what does these means? The NHS has many other specialist doctors that are global leaders in areas like cardiac, pediatric and cancer care[3]. According to the recent survey, people all over the world fly in to U.K i n order to get treatment under these doctors in the NHS yet they are frequently ignored and overlooked by the U.K private hospitals. With the same, the patients in the NHS are seen quicker and are treated with better food. It has always committed to provide a high level of training to its staffs and as a result they are dedicated in applying high standards of care to the patients[4]. According to the recent information, NHS holds the top position in the healthcare survey study of the Washington based foundation. It had also been declared as the best healthcare system by the international experts. They rated its service superior to other countries which spent way more on health[5]. With the same, the Commonwealth fund has also rated it number one for providing access to good care and for effective use of resources. Hence, it can be said that local private hospitals may not be the best place to be treated. The cost is the primary reason why most of the people in England prefer NHS over the private hospitals. NHS is pocket friendly. There are only few healthcare system like NHS who are totally publicly funded[6]. The patient's here are treated as according to their need and illness rather than their ability to expend. Each patient are treated under advanced medical technologies, up to date medicines and resources. It provides cost-free treatments to millions of patients per year while the price of private healthcare system largely varies depending upon the patients level to cover or whether they makes the use of pay as you go option. The NHS system are there in order to make money for itself but they are not a profit making organization in a true sense. They often offer treatments either, free of cost or at a lower cost as compared to the private hospitals of U.K.[7]. For example, most of the women in U.K gives birth to their babies, supported by the free NHS care. The NHS midwives prov ides the antenatal care according to the recommended schedule of the appointments. However, few of the women choose to pay for all the provided facilities but most of them do not pay for any care including the scans and blood tests. At the Same time, they also allow their patient to enjoy the benefit of private rooms and consultant-led healthcare facility. Private midwife for the antenatal care are present in the private health care centers as well but still women in U.K prefer to go for NHS birth care. Since the year 1948, NHS has not only served the U.K patients but it is also successful in saving the lives of millions of people all around the world. Hence, from the above analysis it could be stated that NHS is the best and most effective healthcare system and the primary reasons behind it are clearly stated above. The main reason behind the top position of NHS in the Commonwealth fund is based on the fact that it is completely a publicly funded organization[8]. Through its large network of organization, NHS gives the value for money. It grants a fair and impartial access to care. In addition to that, it is adjustable to this changing field of medicines. Though the organization is facing many challenges in the recent years, it has proven itself to be the best healthcare system not only in U.K but for the entire world population. It has the potential to provide its future patients a world-class healthcare facilities, if only it is funded well enough. Hence, there is no doubt that i t is better than any other private hospitals in U.K. References Beckert, Walter, Mette Christensen, and Kate Collyer. "Choice of NHS?funded Hospital Services in England."The Economic Journal122.560 (2012): 400-417. Choices, N. H. S. "About the NHS." (2013). England, N. H. S. "NHS ENGLAND."Evidence review: pasireotide for acromegaly as third-line treatment (adults). Dost?p: https://www. engage. england. nhs. uk/consultation/clinical-commissioningwave4/user_uploads/a03x11-pasiretd-evidnc-rep. pdf (28.12. 2016)(2016). Khalil, Modar, et al. "Prospective analysis of the use of OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX) in the treatment of chronic migraine; real-life data in 254 patients from Hull, UK."The journal of headache and pain15.1 (2014): 54. Patel, V., et al. "Near?total mandibular reconstruction in the absence of microvascular grafts."Oral Surgery9.4 (2016): 215-221. Ray, Sumantra, et al. "Nutrition education and leadership for improved clinical outcomes: training and supporting junior doctors to run Nutrition Awareness Weeks in three NHS hospitals across England."BMC medical education14.1 (2014): 109. Secretary of State for Health, ed.High quality care for all: NHS next stage review final report. Vol. 7432. The Stationery Office, 2014. 'What's So Good About The NHS? | FUND OUR NHS' (FUND OUR NHS, 2017) https://nhsfunding.info/cure/can-we-afford-the-nhs/ accessed 13 November 2017

Is Wal-Mart Good for America free essay sample

This direct quote from Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton, was placed at the top of their website to nform its consumers of their general management philosophy. It is meant to instill a feeling of comfort that such an enormous multinational retailer still manages to hold on to its small town founders values. Provide people with the lowest possible prices on items that they need, whatever the cost. This slogan of always providing the lowest prices has made Wal-Mart the largest retailer on the planet and they generate billions of dollars in profit annually. But is Wal-Mart good for America? On the surface it would seem that providing a customer with an item at the lowest possible revailing question, one must more closely examine the mechanisms by which Wal- Mart is able to provide merchandise at such bargain basement prices. Providing people the lowest possible prices, whatever the cost. In this case, these low prices are being provided at the cost of the environment, Wal-Mart vendors, Wal-Mart employees, and even the American taxpayer. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Wal-Mart Good for America? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the Wal-Martization of America is forcing businesses to outsource their Jobs oversees Just to stay solvent, it creates a problem here back home of people not being able to pay their bills and maintain adequate living standards. Is Wal-Mart creating the greatest good for the greatest number? Or are they Just creating the greatest good for their executives and investors? This reflection paper will attempt to analyze and answer these questions as we dive deep into the culture of Wal-Mart and its effect on society domestically, as well as globally. The two dominant points of view used to analyze corporations and their overall purpose could be summarized by the terms stockholder and stakeholder management. The former was championed by the well-known economist Milton Friedman. He believed that a corporations primary and perhaps ole purpose is to maximize profits for stockholders (Arnold, Beauchamp Bowie, 2013) Friedman would view Wal-Mart as a corporation that acts solely in the best interest of their stockholders. Wal-Mart is notorious for not paying their employees very high wages and not offering much to their employees in terms of retirement benefits and health care coverage. At least when compared to other successful competitors such as Costco, Wal-Mart clearly comes up short in this department. The latter point of view mentioned was made popular by Edward Freeman in his essay, Managing for Stakeholders. In it he argues that the primary responsibility of the executive is to create as much value for stakeholders as possible, and that no stakeholder interest is viable in isolation of the other stakeholders. (Freeman, 2007) When we speak of stakeholders, we are referring to the five basic groups that stand to gain or lose from corporations. These groups are customers, suppliers, employees, the local community and the stockholders. Freeman argues that no one stakeholders interest should be taken at the expense of the others and that all must be considered by a corporation when it comes to maki ng the best decision. While the Friedmanite view has been seen as the classical dominant view on corporations and their purpose, the stakeholder view on management has been gaining speed over the last thirty years and cannot be underestimated or undervalued these days as companies struggle to stay competitive in a massive global economy. In terms of all stakeholders involved, both Friedman and Freeman would agree that Wal-Mart is acting in the best interest of their stockholders primarily. This benefit to the shareholders is at the expense of all the other stakeholders. The customers will suffer due to the lack of uality of items purchased. Wal-Mart outsources a great deal of their production to China to save on labor and production costs. As a result, the common saying you get what you pay for holds true. These items that Wal-Mart sells in their stores tend to be of inferior quality, and that quality is passed on to the consumer. The employees suffer because they are not able to earn a decent wage to live on. According to an article written by Wayne Cascio, Decency Means More Than Always Low Prices: A Comparison of Costco to Wal-Marts Sams Club, he indicates that The age is hardly enough to live on these days with gas prices where they are and the average cost of living going up. I know I couldnt live on 10 dollars per hour. These low wages actually end up costing the American tax payer in the forms government assistance programs such as Medicaid and food stamps. In a study conducted by the Institute for Labor and Employment at the University of California, Berkeley, taxpayers subsidized $20. million for medical care for Wal-Mart employees in that state alone. (Cascio, 2006) Suppliers suffer because they are forced to accept the ontracts that Wal-Mart offers them to provide their products in their stores that essentially eat up their profits. The local community suffers because when a new Wal-Mart is built, smaller stores struggle to stay competitive due to the fact they cant keep up wit h the prices that Wal-Mart charges for their product. They do not have the ability to outsource production and so they eventually go out of business. While Friedman and Freeman would believe that Wal-Mart is primarily serving the interests of their stockholders while disregarding all other stakeholders, John Boatright would ffer an alternative hypothesis on the issue. In his article, whats wrong-and whats right-with stakeholder management, he argues that a business organization in which managers act in the interest of the shareholders can also be one that, at the same time, benefits all stakeholder groups. (Boatright, 2013) He goes on to provide his definition of what a firm is and what their purpose should be. Boatright defines a firm s a nexus of contracts between a legal entity called a firm and its various constituencies, which include employees, customers, suppliers, investors, and other roups. (Boatright, 2013) It is believed that by each group providing their own services in a Joint effort with a firm, that the greatest financial return will be achieved. From Boatrights point of view, he would view the business philosop hy of Wal-Mart as one that does benefit all the stakeholders. Customers benefit by having more purchasing power. They can walk into a Wal-Mart and purchase more items than they could at any other retailer.

buy custom Sex and Morality essay

buy custom Sex and Morality essay The purpose of the essay is four-fold. First, the essay will provide a summary based on the general considerations of the principles stating what sources of moral knowledge are, what it means to say that the principles of morality are perennial, why those principles are perennial, and what the fundamental principle of sexual morality is. Second, the work will state the reasons given for the judgments made about premarital sex, homosexuality, and masturbation in specific applications. Third, it will provide a description of how obedience contributes to morality, and lastly, it will draw a conclusion that provides a standpoint on sexuality and morality. Discussion In reference to modern scientific research, sexuality profoundly affects an individual's life since it is among those factors which distinguish human beings. In fact, sex leads to the distinction of a man and woman psychologically, biologically and spiritually, hence, it defines his/her maturity and integration in the society. Sexual matters form the crucial theme that is openly and frequently discussed in books, magazines, reviews, as well as other social media (Seidman, 2003). It is evident that, in the current world people agree that human vocation and dignity can be discovered through own intelligence and values inherent in their nature Moreover, individuals should nurture those values and practice them in their lives, for them to achieve a noticeable development (Greenberg, Bruess Conklin, 2011). In relation to moral matters, an individual cannot personally make a value judgment, since consciously he/she detects a law that he/she cannot impose on him/herself, but ensures his/he r obedience. It is false in the contemporary world for people to assert that it is impossible for a man to find immutable norm in human nature and reveal law that serves certain reasons, which are not expressed in the overall law of charity, as well as value for human dignity. However, divine revelation emphasizes the genuine demands of human nature. This manifests the presence of immutable laws that are innate in the constitutive fundamentals of human nature, and as such, it is exhibited by individuals gifted with reason. Sexual ethics concerns with both Christian life and human fundamental values; thus, its teaching equally pertains to sexuality. Church has unhesitatingly transmitted some norms and principles as a part of its teaching, though worldly morals and opinions ppose them (Adams Pigg, 2005). The principle does not originate from certain culture type, but from divine law and human nature knowledge. Many individuals vindicate premarital sex, but their opinion contravenes Christian doctrine which states that sex should be enjoyed within the confines of marriage, and that premarital sex cannot protect relationships from caprices and whims. In addition, those who practice homosexuality do it in opposition to the Christian teachings and moral sense. The homosexuals should be accorded necessary treatment and understanding in order to overcome their problems and be inculcated to the society successfully. Their blameworthiness will be evaluated with caution. Today, the doctrine maintained by Catholic that masturbation adds up to a grave ethical disorder is denied or doubted. Masturbation, from a psychological and sociological standpoint is regarded as a normal phenomenon that indicates sexual development. Though it cannot be justified that scriptures condemn the sin, the church understands that the New Testament condemns it when it speaks of unchastity, impurity, as well as other vices . Obedience is a virtue that enables someone to be in agreement with, to comply, respect or conform to something. It is the opposite of disobedience. Individuals will only be obedient to someone or of something because of fear of the consequences. Only those who are courageous enough will tend to disobey. For instance, a young child will obey his or her parent just because of the fear of the cane. If it was not of the consequences, the child would have disobeyed the parent. This is referred to as a blind obedience if you are being forced to conform. Many people obey so that they can have peace with themselves whereas others disobey in search of freedom or liberty. Many trouble makers, we say, are courageous because they seek their own independence and self responsibility. When a person is disobedient people tend to shun away from him/her in lonely situations while people, who are aware of the consequences, tend to follow good behavior. Delinquents are always people with bad norms or values that include disobedience. This people, who are usually engaged in risky activities such as burglary, are not only of disobedient but also courageous. Obedience is all about rejecting your own personality when people tend to be submissive, for instance, wives should be submissive to their husbands no matter what they orrder. The wives will only comply with it because they fear their husbands. Obedience in many cases does not involve a lot of questioning and reasoning that will increase the chances of one being manipulated and exploited either by the rest of people or the government. Its only when you are courageous that you question the legality of some actions. For instance, if the government gives an order the citizens, they will have to judge whether it is right or wrong before they obey. Normally, people tend to seek for conformity because they find it easier than disobedience. It does not involve a lot but only social responsibility.For instance, people follow the societal norms and values just because they are a part of the community and any disagreement with the norms can make the ancestral spirits angry. This will bring a curse or suffering among the members of the society. The cost of disobedience is sometimes scary and requires strong people to face it. The Bible states, if one wants to live till the old age, he or she is supposed to obey his or her parents. To be in good terms with the creator, obedience is better than sacrifice, this makes it possible for an individual to relate with the powerful well and be on a saver side both in the earthly living and the life to come. Most people actions are based on the current and future benefits that they derive. Those, who are defiant, are courageous enough to face the consequences just even when they had an opportunity to behave well. Again we find people like Abraham, David, Shadrack, Meshack and Aberdneko in the Bible to be the most courageous people to obey God even if the consequences, they were going to face, was too severe (Fuller, 1964). Their actions were not as a result of fear but the value of Gods teachings in their lives. Conclusion In conclusion, obedience is a moral virtue that we need to uphold even if the consequences are too severe and demanding. Though the goodies that come with disobedience include freedom and independence, they are short-lived. Observance of the ethical law, as well as practice of chastity in the field of sexuality, is endangered. This is because there is a growing tendency to minimize, but not deny, grave sin reality in the lives of people. Based on Christian teachings, moral sin is not only premised on direct and formal resistance to chastity, but it is also found in the opposition of authentic love embodied in moral laws. Buy custom Sex and Morality essay

Marijuana should not be legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marijuana should not be legalized - Essay Example It has been reported that the increasing number of children are experimenting with the recreational drugs such as Marijuana. Further, studies on the arrested criminal serving their sentences in different jails suggested that they were involved in using drugs like Marijuana at least once in a week before they were arrested. (DuPont, 2010). These statistics suggest that the society as a whole can actually bear a lot of cost for the unrestricted and unrestrained used of drugs like Marijuana and therefore should not be legalized. This argumentative essay will present a case for not legalizing the Marijuana and will present different reasons along with practical examples as to how the legalization of Marijuana can actually be detrimental to the society and the individuals. Marijuana should not be legalized Probably one of the biggest arguments against the legalization of the marijuana is based upon the principles of morality. The use of the drugs in general is considered as immoral in any given society due to the overall impact of the same on the society. ... Religion therefore in this sense suggests that the use of drugs generally should not be allowed because it will diminish the humanistic characteristics of the individuals. Historically the use of drugs such as Marijuana remained banned due to the adverse social impacts of their use on the individuals. Since the use of the Marijuana often result into the intoxication therefore can seriously cause the personal injury. It is also important to note that the marijuana is considered as the stepping stone drug which can lead to the use of other drugs such as cocaine and other more severe drugs. This is because of the fact that the Marijuana is often considered as easy to obtain and use and the relative effects of the drug can often lead to the so called experimentation with other hard and soft drugs. Such tendencies therefore can further led to the excessive use of other drugs and therefore the overall cost of rehabilitation of all those engaged into the use of harder drugs can be high. (Me sserli, 2010) It is also important that the Marijuana is considered as a socially addictive drug therefore and has really capability to induce abuse. Such capacity of the drug therefore can further led to the domestic as well as the social disturbance giving the fact that the drug is of addictive nature. This is also because of the fact that due to overall nature of Marijuana people who actually use this drug become what is called potheads and Marijuana start to dominate most parts of their lives. Such domination therefore creates further social alienation as well as the marginalization of the drug addicts. The use of Marijuana is therefore not only

Law, Social and Ethical Responsibilities in Business Essay

Law, Social and Ethical Responsibilities in Business - Essay Example As we continued walking, we met a friend of ours. We asked him if he saw our POI and he informed us that he was in church. We went to the church which was some distance away from school. As we went our way and crossed the busy street, an idea came up in the mind of Y. She suggested that a message be sent to the Supreme Student Council (SSC) informing them that we were hit by a car while crossing the street. The idea hatched and we hoped we could enjoy the joke. After that, I dropped the phone in my pocket, making-believe that something has happened to the three of us. The mobile phone in my pocket kept ringing and ringing but I didn't notice it because we were so engaged in laughing while walking, imagining how the Supreme Student council would be rattled. Then I noticed the phone ringing, but before I could answer, I composed myself that I may act as though I were really scared. In my conversation with the caller, I noticed that his voice was nervous and I continued acting, like crying at the same time talking in a confused manner, telling him where we were. I laughed a little in between my sobs but he didn't notice. So, perfect! We did it! They ran barefoot to our place: the senators, our PIO, our Internal Affairs Officer. Shockingly, Prof. F, who was tabulating the game results, was disturbed by the news that he heard and hurriedly moved to keep away his things. In the process, he hurriedly closed his laptop computer which eventually fell hard on the cement floor. Meanwhile, we got ready for we were sure they would be looking for us. While on our way, our Vice President got his phone and began calling Dr. Jane, our Faculty Adviser. She was very busy printing the certificates for winners that time, but alarmed by the news, she began calling someone near the supposed accident site to contact an ambulance, but to no avail. There was misinformation between the SSC Officers. I already told one of the officers that my two companions were in an ambulance but he failed to tell the VP. One fellow senator continued running, but while he was on his way, he noticed why there were none among the people looking alarmed and no ambulance was in sight as I had told him. When he came to where we were, he was very angry and he felt betrayed as he saw us walking and laughing without the wounds I had reported. He threatened to kick us out of the Council, where he initiated a Council Resolution afterwards for our expulsion from the Council. After the other officers came to know that we were only joking, they got very angry and our VP told us that we had to explain to our Adviser, Dr. Jane, and the tabulator why we did what we did. Although earlier, the whole thing was nothing to Dr. Jane but child play, she began to see the whole thing in a different light when Prof. F, the tabulator, began to pester her for payment of the fallen laptop at $740 on account of the mischief of the students. The new laptop was on memorandum receipt (MR) issued to him by the State University and he wouldn't be able to be cleared of obligations by the end of the semester when he asks for clearance. The question is who is responsible for paying for

Transfer of HRM practices by MNCs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Transfer of HRM practices by MNCs - Essay Example As Multi National Companies (MNCs) come into the picture, the scenario gets a little different. MNCs typically misjudge the effect that disparities in Industrial relations methods, workplace settings, and defiance from local people to several HRM practices can all have on their workings and operations. In addition, Unions also time and again, weaken to establish effectual transnational strategies to provide their memberships and associations in other countries in an improved manner. A question therefore arises that whether the MNCs can effectively transfer their HRM practices abroad, particularly when the notions that lie beneath these practices do not coincide with the norms, values, and cultures of the host-countries. The U.S. MNCs into the Chinese market have been taken into account in this paper Under the HRM practices, it is also important that one administers their approach toward the assistance and recompense for the employees, employee accounts and programs. However it is also critical that they make sure that their staff has, and is informed about, the personnel policies that coincide with the existing code of practice. Drivers of Change The world is moving on the path of change, with two significant drivers, i.e. globalization and technological revolution. The two influences actually pose as the foundation for a new way of sharing out the workforce concerning countries and organizations that has come to light throughout the preceding few decades. Different attitudes and opinions about globalization, divide countries and corporations, and also their volume and capability to transform or update themselves with new technologies. Basically the search for new markets and the means for resources has been the driving force toward globalization. As competition gets highly international, and in fact in some businesses, completely global, new production processes and organizational practices are seen to have emerged. (Competitiveness in Developing Asia, pp.58, 2003) The method, by which production at a transnational level is embarked on at current time, varies a lot from the way it was done some years ago. The argument remains in the intricacy of the production procedure, accompanied by the pace and extent of the transnational movements of goods and information. A large variety of highly innovative products, these days, are manufactured by Multi National Corporations (MNCs) in significantly competitive markets. Although MNCs have been there for quite a while now, their existence is very much sensed at current time. The uniqueness of MNCs nowadays is that they have production plants positioned worldwide, with the concern that production consists of planning, management, and coordination of innumerable operations. This lets MNCs to cut up the sequence of their

Analysis of John Greens Looking for Alaska

Analysis of John Greens Looking for Alaska Looking for Alaska Introduction: â€Å"The only way out of the labyrinth of suffering is to forgive.† John Green, the author of Looking for Alaska, writes a story about a group of young adults, where we see how love and friendship are special and how life can vanish in a moment. This book shows how sometimes adults just do not understand or do not see how big situations are for teenagers. Adults think that teenagers think they are invisible which somehow it is true teenagers do feel like they are invisible, but there is a big picture in all this. Teenagers will always have friends that are always there for them. There will be always that someone that helps them go on and that is when friendship and live comes in. Life is a puzzle is a â€Å"labyrinth† and everyone has to find their way out by themselves before life is gone. The young adult novel represents a combination of genres. It has romance, mystery, and adventures and this is thanks to how the characters in the story live this crazy and adventuro us experiences. Summary: Miles Halter is a young adult who is fascinated by famous last words. Miles leaves his family in Florida to start boarding school in Alabama. Miles goes to Culver Creek to seek a â€Å"Great Perhaps† which are the last words of his favorite poet before he died referring to find the path of success. At Culver Creek, Miles start a very strong friendship with his roommate Chip. Chip introduces Miles to his other two very close friends, Alaska and Takumi. Miles in company of Alaska, Chip and Takumi experience crazy adventures. One day Miles, Chip and Alaska got really drunk. Couple days later the school receives the news; Alaska had a car accident and she died. Now Miles and Chip are set to investigate to know what really happened and if Alaska’s death was intentional in her own way to get out of the â€Å"labyrinth†. At last Miles and Chip never get to know what really happened in that accident but they understood that the only way out of the â€Å"labyrinth† of life and suffering is to forgive themselves which was what Alaska had left them after her death. Boarding school was over, Chip got ready to leave for vacation with his mother and Miles as well. Miles went home for vacation but he never forgot the message Alaska tried to make him understand about how to get out of the â€Å"labyrinth†. Character analysis: Alaska is one of the main characters of the story. She becomes a mystery to her friends and to the readers when she dies. Alaska has this bipolar type of personality; she is funny, crazy, and mysterious, and she can sometimes be rude and mean but most of all she is very smart. Alaska has been tormented since her mother died when she was little, somehow Alaska feels guilty for her mothers’ death. â€Å"She had fallen over. She was lying on the floor, holding her head and jerking. And I freaked out. I should have called 911, but I just started screaming and crying until she finally stopped jerking.† Even though Alaska has lived a very tough past, she is still very happy and energetic; or maybe that is just how she wants others to see her. Alaska is the type of person that can be having fun one day and the next one she is totally other person by being mean and rude. â€Å"I’m really not up for answering any questions that start with how, when, where, why, or what.à ¢â‚¬  Alaska is really pretty or maybe is just Miles making her look good. â€Å"And now is as good a time as any to say she was beautiful†¦I could see her eyes-fierce emeralds†¦And not just beautiful, but hot, too, with her breast straining against her tight tank top, her curved legs swinging back and forth beneath the swing.† Throughout the story Alaska changes a lot. She evolves from being a confident and strong girl to a very confused and depressive one. After remembering what happened to her mother, she cannot stand the guilt she feels and she becomes a cold person. Alaska dies in the story and that is when the mystery comes since she left everything to be continued. â€Å"‘This is so fun’ she whispered, ‘but I’m so sleepy. To be continued?’† Alaska always thought of life as a labyrinth of suffering and she wanted to know what the way out of it was. She discovers that her only way out of the â€Å"labyrinth† of su ffering was to forgive. Alaska had to forgive herself for what happened to her mother and top getting all the guilt of something she did not do. Analysis and Evaluation: In this book John Green was trying to tell how he sees the real world in a teen fiction story. John was trying to introduce the reader into the â€Å"labyrinth of life† and persuade us to look for our own â€Å"Great Perhaps† (purpose in life). John did a pretty good job gathering us into the labyrinth and making us think about what we really want. He hides the real meaning; his thoughts about what he really thinks about life in the story. He created a story that could be easily enjoyed by everyone that reads the book and still has the result he wanted. Reading the book was very worth it. Now I have a different perspective of life. How I see life now is as a game, a challenge, a puzzle and if I find the way to win the game, surpass the challenge or solve the puzzle life will have a reward for me. If I find what I am here for I will be successful. As a reader of Looking for Alaska, I would totally recommend it to other readers. I might not be an expert of books but of al l the books I have read this book totally goes into my favorite ones. The book supports many of my beliefs and way of thinking about certain things. One of the things that the book supports me on is about affection and love. â€Å"If you must express affection, I always felt, you should do it†. This quote really got to me because that is the exact same thing I always says about someone who says that loves somebody else. If someone truly loves someone else the person has to show their affection to the other person. Another thing that the book and I have the same thought is about fighting for what we really want. â€Å"‘Sometimes you lose a battle. But mischief always wins the war.’† This quote caught my attention because this is actually a very general way of thinking and many people might think this way too. But I liked this quote because it reminded me of times when I could not do something and then I remembered what my parents always told me, similar to the quote, that sometimes in life you will lose some battles but if you work enough you could win the war and be successful. Conclusion: Looking for Alaska is a really good book. The book has a pretty interesting story. Even though there were parts in the book that seemed that something was missing it was kid of the purpose; leaving the reader thinking about what was the next event. The author introduced the readers into this new perspective of life. Just how Miles understood the way out of the â€Å"labyrinth of life† everyone has to find their own way out. Also besides finding the way out of the labyrinth people have to find their purpose in life so they no longer live this life full of emptiness asking themselves what they are missing.

Y2k: Should We Be Worried? :: essays research papers

Some people wonder what Y2K is, and whether it is true or false. Should we be worried about Y2K? Some people are sure it is false, yet the news stresses that it is true. This has many people in fear for their life. Some have been preparing for over a year now because they think Y2K is going to hit and the power will go out and absolutely nothing will work. Should we believe this? Many people ask, "What is Y2K?". It made me wonder one day, "What does Y2K really mean?". I went to the search engine <a href="http://www.altavista.com">Altavista and typed in "What does Y2K stand for?". I looked and looked and finally found a page that answered mine and many others' questions. Y2K stands for Year 2000. Why K though? Why not Y2T? It is K because the Greek for thousand is Kilo so we use K to stand for thousand. Then comes another big question. What causes Y2K? There are two different factors in what causes Y2K. One factor being: Along time ago, approximately in the 70's different operating systems were being made for computers. The computer programmers decided to make the dates in these operating systems and programs with 2 digits(73) instead of 4(1973). That was all fine until about the early 90's when computer programmers noticed something. They saw that when the year 2000 rolled around the computers would read the date as 00 instead of 2000. The computer would think, "1900?", but I was made in 1973. This confuses the computer ,therefore, it resets it's self to 1980 and rearranges all of the settings in the BIOS (the programs that tells the computer which drive to load to, what kind of memory, what kind of CD-ROM the computer has, etc.). This could cause a problem, but nothing that could not be fixed in 5 minutes. One downfall to that is every time it got up to 2000 it would need to be fixed again. The upside being a program that reads the date with four digits is approximately ninety dollars depending on the kind of program wanted. The other factor is a computer programming language called COBOL (common business oriented language). This computer programming language is used by many businesses' computers. COBOL handles numbers and text so that businesses can produce reports and keep track of all sorts of data. It has no idea what a date is.

Limitations of Marketing Research

Present complex internal business information using three different methods appropriate to the user’s needs. * I am going to use is Samsung Galaxy S2. I will be describing: How the product is being marketed. How has it been marketed? What are the sales figures? How effective was the marketing? How does the business measure the effectiveness of its marketing? The Samsung Galaxy S II is a touch screen-based, slate-format Android Smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics.The Samsung Galaxy S 2 really is a powerhouse of a mobile and is one of the year’s most popular phones after the great success of its Galaxy S predecessor. Samsung’s Galaxy S2 continued being the best-selling handset in the UK throughout November as Apple’s newly released iPhone 4S failed to claim the top spot. A Samsung has confirmed that the Galaxy S2 has hit 10 million sales, making it the fastest-selling phone of the series so far.The Samsung Galaxy S2, took five months to reach the same milestone. Although Apple didn't make a similar announcement when the iPhone 4S reached 10 million, we expect it did so quicker than the Galaxy S3, having sold four million in its first weekend on sale. It is very important how you introduce the product in the market it had it to done in the correct way for example Samsung they advertise In TV, website, newspapers and YouTube adverts.People will watch the adverts on TV it will persuade them to buy new technology product. It will help the increasing sales. Samsung their aims are to be of the one best company in the world. To make sales double in the future and sell their Samsung products, and by achieving these goals we aim to lead the way in tackling the environmental problems that are facing our planet. † to be one of the top three electronics companies in the world in quantity and in quality by 2010;

Language and Communication essays

Language and Communication essays Throughout Foe, J.M. Coetzee emphasizes the importance of language and communication in human interaction. Language and communication are reccurring themes that are personified mainly through the character of Friday. Friday is mute and not able to speak because he has no tongue. Though it is not clear how Friday lost his tongue, it is certain that Friday cannot speak. However, Susan Barton is able to speak as she possesses the means necessary for language, but she lacks communication skills. Though Cruso does not bother teaching Friday writing, Susan attempts to communicate with Friday but is not able to get through to him. Coetzee emphasizes the importance of language and communication through two central characters; Friday is the one not able to physically speak, however Susan truly lacks the necessary skills to communicate. Throughout the early stages of the novel, Coetzee shows that Friday is not able to speak and thus Susan dehumanizes him. Even though Coetzee never clarifies the true means by which Friday lost his tongue, it is obvious nonetheless that Friday is unable to speak. Susans first thought about Fridays inability to speak was that Friday was like a dog (21). Susan is baffled by Fridays silence and compares him to a dog. Though Cruso believes Friday has no need for words, Susan attempts to communicate once they have escape from the island. Susan has trouble teaching Friday words such as spoon and decides that perhaps after years of speechlessness the very notion of speech may be lost to him (57). Susan has lost hope of teaching Friday to communicate, however she continues to talk to Friday to educate him out of his so called darkness and silence, possibly because it gives her the satisfaction that she is making good on her less than ideal circumstances. Susan continues to doubt Friday and believes that the unnatural years Friday spent w...

Two-Digit Multiplication Lesson Plans

Two-Digit Multiplication Lesson Plans This lesson gives students an introduction to two-digit multiplication. Students will use their understanding of place value and single digit multiplication to begin multiplying two-digit numbers. Class: 4th grade Duration: 45 minutes Materials papercoloring pencils or crayonsstraight edgecalculator Key Vocabulary: two-digit numbers, tens, ones, multiply Objectives Students will multiply two two-digit numbers correctly. Students will use multiple strategies for multiplying two-digit numbers. Standards Met 4.NBT.5. Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit whole number, and multiply two two-digit numbers, using strategies based on place value and the properties of operations. Illustrate and explain the calculation by using equations, rectangular arrays, and/or area models. Two-Digit Multiplication Lesson Introduction Write 45 x 32 on the board or overhead. Ask students how they would begin to solve it. Several students may know the algorithm for two-digit multiplication. Complete the problem as students indicate. Ask if there are any volunteers who can explain why this algorithm works. Many students who have memorized this algorithm dont understand the underlying place value concepts. Step-by-Step Procedure Tell students that the learning target for this lesson is to be able to multiply two-digit numbers together.As you model this problem for them, ask them to draw and write what you present. This can serve as a reference for them when completing problems later.Begin this process by asking students what the digits in our introductory problem represent. For example, 5 represents 5 ones. 2 represents 2 ones. 4 is 4 tens, and 3 is 3 tens. You can begin this problem by covering the numeral 3. If students believe that they are multiplying 45 x 2, it seems easier.Begin with the ones:45x 32 10  (5 x 2 10)Then move on to the tens digit on the top number and the ones on the bottom number:45x 3210 (5 x 2 10) 80 (40 x 2 80. This is a step where students naturally want to put down â€Å"8† as their answer if they aren’t considering the correct place value. Remind them that â€Å"4† is representing 40, not 4 ones.)Now we need to uncover the numeral 3 and remind students tha t there is a 30 there to consider:45x 321080150 (5 x 30 150) And the last step:45x 3210801501200 (40 x 30 1200)The important part of this lesson is to constantly guide students to remember what each digit represents. The most commonly made mistakes here are place value mistakes.Add the four parts of the problem to find the final answer. Ask students to check this answer using a calculator.Do one additional example using 27 x 18 together. During this problem, ask for volunteers to answer and record the four different parts of the problem:27x 18 56 (7 x 8 56)160 (20 x 8 160) 70 (7 x 10 70)200 (20 x 10 200) Homework and Assessment For homework, ask students to solve three additional problems. Give partial credit for the correct steps if students get the final answer wrong. Evaluation At the end of the mini-lesson, give students three examples to try on their own. Let them know that they can do these in any order; if they want to try the harder one (with larger numbers) first, they are welcome to do so. As students work on these examples, walk around the classroom to evaluate their skill level. You will probably find that several students have grasped the concept of multi-digit multiplication fairly quickly, and are proceeding to work on the problems without too much trouble. Other students are finding it easy to represent the problem, but make minor errors when adding to find the final answer. Other students are going to find this process difficult from beginning to end. Their place value and multiplication knowledge are not quite up to this task. Depending on the number of students who are struggling with this, plan to reteach this lesson to a small group or the larger class very soon.

MREmpanada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MREmpanada - Research Paper Example I. Fragmentation and/or Concentration As a player in the United States restaurant industry, Mr. Empanada is a fast casual industry and not a fast food company as most people take it. The U.S restaurant industry is characterized by countless actors. The industry has already entered the mature stage of the industry life cycle, as growth of the industry slows own. The united states restaurant industry is fragmented into various subsets, the most popular being the fast food, full service restaurants and the fast casual segments. In a fast food setting, food is prepared before being ordered while in a casual setting, food is prepared after the customer has ordered it. There are hundreds of fast food and fast casual joints in United States that offer products that are intractably similar in almost all aspects. Panera Bread Company is the renowned leader in the casual food subset while McDonald’s is the overall industry leader operating in the fast food segment. The yearly anticipate d growth for the restaurant industry is 1.9% from 2013 through 2018 (The University of Tampa, 2). The slow growth rate is attributable to reduction in consumer disposable income due to prolonged recession period in United States. Consumers opt to consume home cooked means or consumer lower priced items when eating out. This is hurting the growth in the various fragments of the restaurant industry. United States restaurant industry sales ($ billions) (Source: The University of Tampa, 1) II. Switching costs Switching costs are the negative costs that buyers incur due to changing products, brands or suppliers. Switching costs are mostly evaluated in terms of money value, but they may also be time-based, effort based and psychological switching costs. Switching costs may be associated to learning, finding alternatives, ambiguity costs, contractual costs and transaction costs. Switching costs is a control mechanism that exists in most markets (Sundelin, para 1). In the case of Mr. Empana da, there are little or no switching costs as substitutes are readily available. Providers of casual foods are such as the chipotle Mexican grill, Panera bread, Skyline Chili, Donatos Pizza, Freebirds among others, which are easy to locate. Customers who wish to change from Mr. Empanada products and consumer rival products do not incur significant costs. For illustration, learning and compatibility cost is almost zero since the Mr. Empanada and its rival’s products are undifferentiated. Therefore, customers do not have to look and learn new information with regard to rival products. As such, consumers easily change from one Mr. Empanada products to its rivals due to insignificant switching costs or no cost at all. III. Buyer inclination to substitute In the United States restaurant industry, competition is so rife and fierce. As stated earlier, most of the industry’s products are undifferentiated. Customers hardly notice the difference between competitors’ produ cts and this extremely heightens buyers’ inclination to substitute (Porter, 28). In regard to Mr. Empanada, buyer inclination to substitutes is indispensably high. The reason is that Mr. Empanada is not known to many people outside its headquarters in Tampa, Florida. In addition to limited popularity, Mr. Empanada offers few types of salads, beverages, sandwiches that

Is It Necessary for Nurses to Have High Education Essay

Is It Necessary for Nurses to Have High Education - Essay Example Healthcare is a sensitive field because of its direct impact on the life of an individual. Since nurses deal with the life of individuals, it is essential for them to be equipped with the relevant skills, knowledge and expertise. Indeed, it is necessary for nurses to have higher education. From the point of the level of skills and education, there are four distinct types of nursing. These include licensed practical nursing, registered nursing, bachelor degree nursing and PhD nursing. Also called licensed vocational nurses, licensed practical nurses are supervised by the registered nurses and perform mainly bedside care duties (Perrin 72). Registered nurses on the other hand perform administrative duties, provide direct patient care and carry out the treatments that are prescribed by the physicians (Mander, 41). Bachelor degree nurses hold degrees in nursing and have a chance to pursue higher education at master or doctorate level. Finally, PhD nurses hold a doctorate philosophy in Nu rsing and have essential knowledge regarding nursing discipline and clinical research. In most cases, these assume the topmost leadership positions in institutions. Nurses that are interested in pursuing higher education have the preceding options to further this good. Attaining higher education in nursing is important for various reasons. ... This knowledge is requisite for enabling them to work efficiently and with utmost ease. Specifically, it helps them to exercise creative and critical thought especially when dealing with emergency health problems. This is instrumental in enhancing their performance with respect to saving lives and improving the health and general wellbeing of the patients. Notably, relative skills can only be attained at a higher education level. For this reason, nurses need to further higher education. According to Kelley and Marthaler, the complexity of the concept of hospital care has increased significantly (Kelley and Marthaler, 62). An interview with the Health Department Head of the University of Hawaii ascertains that the health problems that are currently experienced are very complex (Watson 623). Patients are not only sicker but they are also frailer and susceptible to death. As such, relative institutions have been compelled to employ more sophisticated machinery to handle sensitive cases and help save lives. In this respect, it should be appreciated that technological advances are very dynamic and effective use of technology requires that an individual be well informed about these changes. Relevant knowledge can only be attained through higher education. Therefore, nurses have limited options in this regard; they can only enhance their wellbeing and overall performance through higher education. This is vital in enabling them to achieve their primary goals with respect to provide quality healthcare. Statistical evidence indicates that most health care institutions are focusing on multidisciplinary care teams (Benner, Sutphen and Day 51). This approach is desirable as it enables the institutions to provide services that are of very high

The three world of bali Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The three world of bali - Movie Review Example These midnight-to-dawn performances can be viewed from either side of the screen and also from behind the puppeteer. The ancient literary texts, collected in the old Javanese language of Kawi and Sanskrit (The Balinese Digital Library), are captured on Lontar leaves. These leaves come from Lontar trees that belong to the family of palm trees. The Lontar manuscripts are placed in boxes or bags for proper protection. The older women dancing in Gambuh dance and other performances are seen to be dancing closer to the ancestral shrines in temples. They do so as to honor their ancestors in this endless cycle of rebirth. For Balinese, the idea of time differs from ours. Flowers are seen to have a short time cycle, a rock to be have a much longer cycle while humans are somewhere in between. For them, there is never an end, but a continuous cycle. Balinese Hindus call their religion "Agama Tirtha" because water plays a very important role in their life. Water, represented by a circle in the Hindu tradition, symbolizes completeness and the un-manifest. The Balinese carefully plan out and stagger the use of Balis water supply. Water temple rituals promote a peaceful relationship between people and their environment. When changing the system, many problems were faced with problems such as of water, mice and other pests. Eka Dasa Rudra, in Bali, is held every one-hundred years. In 1963, upon the urging of then President Sukarno, Balinese priests organized to hold the ritual before the exact date it was supposed to be held on. Preparations were met with the first eruption in recorded history of Balis great volcano. This terrible disaster was seen as a confirmation of the gods and demons powers and the necessity of honoring the traditional calendar. The central temple was miraculously spared when the volcano erupted. The Balinese people saw this as a grand

Organisational System Security Internet Security Issues Essay Example for Free

Organisational System Security Internet Security Issues Essay Adware – Is a software which you get when you have downloaded a different program or software for free or at a reduced price. Its main purpose is to download adverts to your computer screen when you visit websites. Adware is seen by a developer as away to recover costs of making software. But to the general user adverts on there monitor are annoying because it puts them off of what there doing and they have to close every advert down manually. Blackhat – Is a name given to a hacker whose purpose is to access data with out permission and to damage it or change it. Blackhat hackers can do this for arrange of reasons to make profit or as a hobby. They may also send other users viruses, internet worms or spam them. This type of hacker is known as the bad guy in the computer world. Botnet – Is a software robot, when a spammer sends out viruses to general users a Bot is attached to it. Once the spammer has control of the infected computers then they will have to purchase a Botnet which then lets them operate the controlled computers, then the spammer will send out a message to the computers cause them to send spam to mail servers, resulting in users opening up there mail will have tons of junk. Denial of service – Is an attack which leaves users with out use of the services of a website which they would normally use. The DoS attack does not normally mean the controller of it has stolen information, but has cost the company which it has targeted money and time. This can cause users that use that company’s website to purchase what they want from another website meaning that company’s business rivals are making money from the DoS attack on them. Exploit – Is a software which contains commands that take advantage of a computer system with weak security, the purpose of an exploit is to give a user more privileges on a computer system allowing them to access more data which was previously restricted from them. A weakness in the exploit is that it stops running when a newer version of the software is installed. Keylogger – Is a device which you can get as software or hardware it is connected or installed inside your keyboard. Its function is to log in keystrokes. There are many different reasons why we may use this such as helping fix computer system errors or seeing how an employee users there keyboard to see if there good at there job. You can purchase Keylogger’s off the internet. Malware – Is a software, its task is to damage a computer system such as to give a computer system a virus. Malware gets its name from the beginning of the word malicious and the ending of the word software. Malware’s include arrange of harmful programs such as computer viruses, worms, Trojans, rootkits and sometimes adware. Packet sniffing – Is a software or hardware which is used to analyze traffic that is passing through over a network. The packet sniffer checks each packet then decodes them so that they can be analyzed, to check there content. The analyzing is useful for finding out network problems, monitor network usage from users and debug client and network protocols. This will help maintain a network. Phishing – Is a term given that is a breech of security by a hacker. Such as attempting to acquire sensitive information on other computer users like there usernames, passwords and credit card information. The hackers target popular websites such as eBay, MySpace and PayPal. They get hold of user’s personnel information by sending fake emails pretending to by your bank. Piggybacking – Is a computer word which refers to a user connecting there laptop or computer to another persons internet connection. Then using the internet without the permission of the owner of the internet connection. But if you own a cafà © and have a hotspot this is not considered piggybacking because you have given permission to people to use your hotspot to connect to the internet. Spyware – Is a computer software that is secretly installed on to your computer and can take control over something’s that you do on it. It can install software which you did not want on your computer also it can make you go on websites that you did not click to go on and it could led you to harmful viruses that could affect your computer. When turning off your computer spyware can even change your computer settings. Trojan – A Trojan is a computer virus that appears on your computer designed to cause your computer harm. It has been know to be similar to a worm. Some Trojans may not cause harm to your computer but the six main types of Trojans are ones that cause remote access, data destruction, download, get on to a server, anti – viruses software disabler and denial of service attack. Whitehat – Is the name given to a hacker, who’s purpose is to prevent a breech of security within a company or organization. They are normally employed by a company to protect against there counterparts blackhat hackers who want to hack and steal information and data that does not belong to them. In the computing world the Whitehat hacker is know as the good guy. Worm – Is a computer program which sends copies of its self to networks, designed to cause harm to the network that they have targeted. It likes to eat up the bandwidth used on the network. Worms can also cause serious harm and damage to a computer operating system by attacking the weak parts of the computer. Zero-day Attack – Is a threat to computers, by trying to take control of computer applications that are unknown or patchfree. The attacker that controls the zero-day attack normally sets it up on a public forum because of the number of users that it could affect. Zombie – Is a computer that has been attached to the internet by a computer hacker. The owners of zombie computers do not know that there computers have be compromised. They are normally used as part of a botnet, but while they have been put in zombie mode the hacker can use other user’s computers to send Trojans or other harmful viruses. Resources Adware http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adware Blackhat http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hat Botnet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/flora/indexstart.html Denial of service http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid92_gci213591,00.html Exploit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security) Keylogger http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_logging http://www.actualspy.com/ Malware http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/alerts/info/malware.mspx Packet sniffing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_sniffer http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/hackertools/a/aa121403.htm Phishing http://www.antiphishing.org/ http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/p/phishing.html Piggybacking http://www.thefreedictionary.com/piggybacking Spyware http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware Trojan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing) Whitehat http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat Worm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_worm#Protecting_against_dangerous_computer_worms Zero-day Attack http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-Day_Attack http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-zero-day-attack.htm Zombie http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_computer

Effects Of Globalization On Business Education And Employment Economics Essay

Effects Of Globalization On Business Education And Employment Economics Essay There is a common saying that is being used today that goes The world today is a small village. This is as a result of the many economical, political and technological inventions and changes that have been in place in the recent past that have made improvement in communication, transport, and trade. These advanced technological advances have made it easy for individuals from different locations and regions in the world to invest in different locations in the world and this has resulted to globalization. Globalization is a process where a local society, culture, economy, or practice is integrated to surpass the local boundaries to a point were the local culture and economy reaches the people from other cultural backgrounds that arent from the same cultural background (Schifferes, par.3). These local regional practices are integrated internationally through the improved systems in the communication, transports and trade. These ensure that there is an improved communication, trade and transport mechanism that is the most effective organs that boosts globalization. Globalization has got some effects that accompanies some of the effects of globalization to the society includes positive and negative effects that it has on the economy, political and socio -cultural fields. This paper highlights the ways that globalization has affected the Business field, Education sector and Employment sectors. Employment is one sector amongst the many sectors that are affected by globalization; this sector is affected by globalization in two ways. These are positive and negative ways. In this section we are going to highlight on these effects of globalization in the employment sector beginning with the positive impacts. Globalization has improved the media coverage in the globe; this has led to sensitizing the people and enabled the people to know there rights. It has also lead to the creation of many employment opportunities that are varied. For example, the employment of the media personality, the introduction of the international Non Governmental Organizations (NGO), and other innovative groups that will in some point create the employment opportunities (Tutor2u, par.4). Globalization has resulted to the growth of employment opportunities in the various countries especially in the developing worlds. The most notable multinationals companies that have shifted their production to developing countries includes the Finland multinational company Nokia moving to Asia where there is cheap labour and plenty raw materials thus providing employment opportunities to the locals of the countries (Tutor2u, par.5). Globalization has also improved employment opportunity through the introduction of expatriate employment. These are cases where people are employed in other regions that arent there native and provide expert roles to the companies that they are employed. For example is the way the diplomats are deployed in various countries to represent there countrys interest in the country that they are deployed (Tutor2u, par.4). Globalization has also resulted to the growth of employment, because it has produced equal room for competition among the local and multinational companies. This is for the reason that there is equal room that will ensure that the companys will be in a position of getting a straight market for there products. This will result to the development of companies enhancing competition and the companies will employ the people to work in the industries. For the negative aspects, globalization also renders many people jobless especially in the developed worlds. Consequently, making the people from the developed world jobless; on the other hand, the once in the developing world are employed in these multinational companies (Tutor2u, par.2). Globalization has positively and negative affects the education sector, some ways in which education is positively affected is the by the technological improvements that led to the introduction of the internet, social media, global information and telecommunication systems. These improvements have positively affected the education system as the students can learn from there rooms or in a place that has internet access. Thus making education easy and interesting to the students as it is more interactive compared to the way it was initially (Chinnammai, p.3). Globalization has also resulted to internationalisation of the education system this is where the student can be in a position to learn what is being taught in another region in the world. This is because of the system that is aimed at making the students in the region to be with the same education that is accepted universally. For this reason, the students in the high schools and universities engage in other university transfers thus making them to be diverse in their respective area of specialization. The students know the ways in which the other regions are well and what they experience thus exposing the students to the different environmental settings of the people (Schifferes, par.5). The invention of electronic equipments and good storage facilities has resulted to the improvement of education in the world. This is because the students can be able to reach all the relevant materials that are necessary for their education (Chinnammai, p.2). In that they will be in a position to get the necessary information they need in class as they will be in soft copy and posted by the teacher in the internet. Thus each student will be able to access the information easily without any problem. This will improve the education system as the students will be in a position to pass their final examinations as they will be in a position to deliver in there class works. Therefore, education has also made interesting as a result of globalization. This is because the teaching and standard that are provided by these companies will be improved thus improving education of these groups (Chinnammai, p.4). Globalization has positive and negative effects on business, some of the positive effects is when it provides equal opportunity for companies to advertise their products and thrive in the world market. The improved communication facilities has made it easy for the companies to reach their respective customers world wide; thus providing equal room for businesses and other business opportunities to thrive in these regions. Globalization has also resulted to improved quality and production by the companies and this has made the consumer have value for their money ([emailprotected], par.4). This is experienced when the companies that are producing the same products aims at making the best quality of their products than there competitors. For example the mobile phone companies that are mostly competing in making the best products thus make the customers have a wide range of choice when buying a phone (Schifferes, par.2). Globalization has also resulted to the rapid development of the developing countries thus improving the lives of the countries citizens and at the same time reducing the gap between the poor and the rich. For instance in countries like India, Brazil, Thailand, Singapore, Argentina and China among others developing companies, that have turned out to become countries whose economy are rising faster. This is because of the many multinational industries set their base in these countries and in the process these companies and countries mutually benefiting from each other. Thus helping the country economy to grow thus ensuring that the countries economy grow steadily ([emailprotected], par.2). Globalization has resulted to the globalization of the world markets; this is when the producers of the products have shifted their attention in producing products that are suitable for the specific markets. The multinationals will evaluate at the requirements of the people in which it has set its camp. This will make the company check on the likes and dislikes of the people in these regions and from that make products that are well appreciated with the locals. Also the companies get increased returns in the form of there increased sales, an example is when the General Motors GM looks at the likes of the Indian market and from the evaluation the make a vehicle that goes in an Indian name this automatically appealing to the Indian motor vehicle buyers (Tutor2u, par.1). Globalization has also played a leading role in killing of the local industries in the developing countriesThus making it difficult for the companies to survive thus the collapse and cease to survive due to lack of support from its citizens (Schifferes, par.4). Its evident that globalization has also as well resulted to the degradation the natural reserves in the third world countries and this has resulted to reduced economy of the countries and a the same time making the population of the people to be more poorer (Tutor2u, par.2). Globalization has also resulted to the difficulty of the third world companies to take care of there increasing population; this is because the companies products are sold at low costs. This eventually makes the government collect low revenue which is inform of taxes (Tutor2u, par.4). This result to the country resorting to borrowing from the developed worlds and the donors that will help the country sustain itself. As a result, the country becomes imprisoned with debts that it cant relieve itself from; thus making it difficult for these developing countries to benefit from the global trade as they are denied the room of expanding and at the same time they are exploited with the multinational companies. Work Cited [emailprotected] Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry http://business.mapsofindia.com/globalization/india-industry/ Chinnammai, Singh. Effects of Globalisation on Education and Culture, 2005 Schifferes, Steve. Globalisation shakes the world, 2007. Tutor2u, globalisation and business effects on business 2010